"The sex of a baby is determined by its chromosome make-up at conception. An embryo with two X chromosomes will become a girl, while an embryo with an X-Y combination results in a boy," Ms Croft said.
Autosomal recessive inheritance: Two unaffected people who each carry one copy of the altered gene for an autosomal recessive disorder (carriers) have a 25 percent chance with each pregnancy of having a child affected by the disorder. The chance with each pregnancy of having an unaffected child who is a carrier of the disorder is 50 percent, and the chance that a child will not have the disorder and will not be a carrier is 25 percent. If only one parent is a carrier of the altered gene and the other parent does not carry the variant, none of their children will develop the condition, and the chance with each pregnancy of having an unaffected child who is a carrier is 50 percent.
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X-linked dominant inheritance: The chance of passing on an X-linked dominant condition differs between men and women because men have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome, while women have two X chromosomes. A man passes on his Y chromosome to all of his sons and his X chromosome to all of his daughters. Therefore, the sons of a man with an X-linked dominant disorder will not be affected, but all of his daughters will inherit the condition. A woman passes on one or the other of her X chromosomes to each child. Therefore, a woman with an X-linked dominant disorder has a 50 percent chance of having an affected daughter or son with each pregnancy.
X-linked recessive inheritance: Because of the difference in sex chromosomes, the probability of passing on an X-linked recessive disorder also differs between men and women. The sons of a man with an X-linked recessive disorder will not be affected, and his daughters will carry one copy of the altered gene. With each pregnancy, a woman who carries an altered gene for X-linked recessive has a 50 percent chance of having sons who are affected and a 50 percent chance of having daughters who carry one copy of the altered gene. Females with one gene variant associated with an X-linked recessive disorder typically have no or very mild signs or symptoms of the condition.
X-linked: Because the inheritance pattern of many X-linked disorders is not clearly dominant or recessive, some experts suggest that conditions be considered X-linked rather than X-linked dominant or X-linked recessive.As above, the probability of passing on an X-linked disorder differs between men and women. The sons of a man with an X-linked disorder will not be affected, but all of his daughters will inherit the altered gene and may develop signs and symptoms of the condition. A woman passes on one or the other of her X chromosomes to each child. Therefore, with each pregnancy, a woman with an X-linked disorder has a 50 percent chance of having a child with the altered gene. An affected daughter may have milder signs and symptoms than an affected son.
Y-linked inheritance: Because only males have a Y chromosome, only males can be affected by and pass on Y-linked disorders. All sons of a man with a Y-linked disorder will inherit the condition from their father.
Codominant inheritance: In codominant inheritance, each parent contributes a different version of a particular gene, and both versions influence the resulting genetic trait. The chance of developing a genetic condition with codominant inheritance, and the characteristic features of that condition, depend on which versions of the gene are passed from parents to their child.
Mitochondrial inheritance: Mitochondria, which are the energy-producing centers inside cells, each contain a small amount of DNA. Disorders with mitochondrial inheritance result from variants in mitochondrial DNA. Although these disorders can affect both males and females, only females can pass variants in mitochondrial DNA to their children. A woman with a disorder caused by changes in mitochondrial DNA will pass the variants to all of her daughters and sons, but the children of a man with such a disorder will not inherit the variant.
Although the chances of inheriting a genetic condition appear straightforward, factors such as a person's family history and the results of genetic testing can sometimes modify those chances. In addition, some people with a disease-causing variant never develop any health problems or may experience only mild symptoms of the disorder. If a disease that runs in a family does not have a clear-cut inheritance pattern, predicting the likelihood that a person will develop the condition can be particularly difficult.
Chlamydia doesn't usually cause any symptoms. So you may not realize that you have it. People with chlamydia who have no symptoms can still pass the disease to others. If you do have symptoms, they may not appear until several weeks after you have sex with an infected partner.
Ambiguous genitalia is a rare condition in which an infant's external genitals don't appear to be clearly either male or female. In a baby with ambiguous genitalia, the genitals may be incompletely developed or the baby may have characteristics of both sexes. The external sex organs may not match the internal sex organs or genetic sex.
Ambiguous genitalia isn't a disease, it's a disorder of sex development. Usually, ambiguous genitalia is obvious at or shortly after birth, and it can be very distressing for families. Your medical team will look for the cause of ambiguous genitalia and provide information and counseling that can help guide decisions about your baby's gender and any necessary treatment.
Your medical team will likely be the first to recognize ambiguous genitalia soon after your baby is born. Occasionally, ambiguous genitalia may be suspected before birth (prenatally). Characteristics can vary in severity, depending on when during genital development the problem occurred and the cause of the disorder.
A baby's genetic sex is established at conception, based on the sex chromosomes. The mother's egg contains an X chromosome, and the father's sperm contains either an X or a Y chromosome. A baby who inherits the X chromosome from the father is a genetic female (two X chromosomes). A baby who inherits the Y chromosome from the father is a genetic male (one X and one Y chromosome).
If you are in an intimate relationship with a person who was sexually abused as a child or teen, this booklet is for you. The information can help you whether you're male or female and whether you're in a gay, lesbian, or heterosexual relationship. For the purposes of this booklet we will be using the female pronoun.
"The beginning of this whole thing was really hard. Annie didn't sleep well any more and she was having nightmares. After a while she seemed to resist going to bed so I went to bed alone. She'd stay up and read. Sometimes I'd wake up in the middle of the night alone and she'd be in the living room with all the lights on, wrapped up in a blanket. "
Your partner might be thrown into a crisis as she starts to look at what happened to her. Memories of the events might come in bits and pieces that may not make sense to her. As she struggles with these memories she might doubt the abuse happened and worry that she's going crazy. But she isn't. Her mind is letting information in little by little so she won't be overwhelmed.
If your partner has always known about the abuse but has had little or no feeling about it, she could experience a crisis when she starts to feel the emotional pain connected to the abuse. These feelings may seem overwhelming at first. She might find herself crying without knowing why. She might suddenly be afraid to be alone or withdraw from people. A counsellor can be helpful at this stage to help her learn skills to manage these thoughts and feelings.
When your partner decides to deal with the abuse, she'll enter a stage of hard emotional work. She will struggle with details of the abuse, struggle to express her feelings about it, and to integrate the memories. This means she has to acknowledge how deeply she has been affected by the abuse. She'll experience emotional upheaval which may include grief and anger. However, she'll probably be relieved, too, when some of her feelings and behaviours start to make sense to her.
Although you might wish your partner would hurry and get on with recovery, she can do it only when she's ready. If she's worried about whether she can do it, encourage her to talk to a counsellor, or do some reading. If your partner is anxious about how it will affect your relationship, you could talk to a counsellor together about concerns and about what you might do to help.
"I just can't believe her big brother did all those things to her. I've played football with him. I've drunk beer with him, and we've swapped jokes. To me he just seems like a regular guy. Maybe somebody else did it, and she just imagines it was her brother."
"Okay, I believe it, but enough's enough. If she would just put it aside, and get on with her life, we'd both be better off. You can't undo the past, and crying over spilled milk only makes things worse. We can both go ahead from here and have a wonderful life together."
"I knew something was wrong in our relationship, but I just couldn't figure it out. Sometimes she didn't want sex, and sometimes she did. She was always upset and it seemed like we couldn't just relax and enjoy ourselves. Then she started accusing me of having affairs if I even talked to another woman. And then she kept telling me I'd probably walk out on her. It was driving me crazy. Thank god she started to deal with the abuse. All that behaviour is starting to make sense to me now."
You might feel relief after your partner starts talking about the sexual abuse. It helps you understand behaviours that may have baffled you for years. Problems with sexuality, intimacy, and trust can be the result of childhood sexual abuse. 2ff7e9595c
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